Prevalence of most caries-susceptible area on individual primary tooth surface: an observational study.

Due to multifactorial aetiology, tooth surfaces of primary dentition are more prone to dental caries and follow the specific pattern of dental caries which is difficult to control. The proper knowledge of caries-susceptible areas on individual primary teeth surfaces guides the clinician to take early preventive measures to stop the progression of dental caries. This study aims to find the prevalence of caries-susceptible areas on primary teeth surfaces in preschool children and the most commonly affected primary teeth. The study design adopted was a cross-sectional study. A total number of 3720 teeth of 186 preschool children were examined for initial pinpoint caries lesions using World Health Organization (WHO) caries detection criteria. 33 caries-susceptible areas were examined on individual primary tooth surfaces of preschool children who visited the Faculty of Dental Sciences. Each tooth surface was recorded separately and no radiographic examination was done. Obtained data was analysed keeping the level of significance at 5%. The overall prevalence of caries-susceptible area was found significantly higher in the maxillary teeth (Maxillary teeth: 41.7% vs. Mandible teeth: 30.7%; p < 0.001) and anterior teeth (Anterior teeth: 43.7% vs. Posterior teeth: 28.4%; p < 0.001). The prevalence of caries-susceptible area on primary teeth on the right side when compared to left counterparts was similar (Right side-38.6% and left side-38.4%; p = 0.931). Area 2 was the most prevalent area on primary teeth surfaces and primary canine was more prevalent in caries-susceptible areas.

Visually impaired population from low socioeconomic strata and their oral health status: an observational study.

A significant portion of the world's population suffers from blindness. Despite being a vital part of systemic health, oral health is neglected in such a population. The present study aimed to determine the oral health status of blind individuals in north India and to identify the factors affecting it. Sixty-nine blind students from a local school for the visually impaired were included in the study. A questionnaire was used to record the basic demographic details and oral habits, followed by an oral examination by a single trained dentist to record dental caries, periodontal status and dental trauma. The prevalence of Dental caries was 63.8% (mean 1.43 ± 1.61). Gingival bleeding on probing (BOP) was found in 60.9% of individuals. Dental trauma prevalence was 23.2%, and harmful oral habits were found in 31.9% of individuals. Individuals experiencing a toothache in the last year had a 1.784 times higher risk of dental caries than those who didn't experience a toothache. Individuals having acquired blindness are 2.411 times more prone to dental trauma in comparison to those suffering from congenital blindness. Blind individuals have poor oral health. Toothache in the last one year is an important risk factor for dental caries in such individuals. Acquired blindness makes a person more susceptible to dental trauma than congenital blindness.

Self-Medication for Toothache Causing Chemical Burn of Oral Mucosa and Alveolar Bone Loss in a Child.

Chemical burn of the oral mucosa can occur as a result of the inadvertent, intentional or iatrogenic use of chemicals. Self-treatment for toothache relief with nonpharma ceutical substances can result in a chemical burn. A detailed history is paramount in such cases to identify the etiologic agent to proceed with appropriate treatment. The purpose of this report is to describe the case of an eight-year-old with a complaint of toothache who rinsed his mouth with potassium aluminium sulfate solution to achieve pain relief. This caused ulceration of the attached gingiva and oral mucosa and necrosis of the alveolar bone surrounding the offending tooth, leading to its mobility. This case highlights the disastrous consequences of inappropriate self-treatment to achieve pain relief from toothache.

Non-syndromic Oligodontia in Primary Dentition: A Report of a Rare Case.

The congenital absence of teeth is the most common dental anomaly affecting 2.2% to 10% of the population. It could be present in the form of anodontia, hypodontia, or oligodontia, excluding wisdom teeth. Oligodontia is most commonly associated with several syndromes like ectodermal dysplasia, Down syndrome, and Van der Woude syndrome that involve the mutation of the MSX-1 and PAX-1 genes. Few cases have been reported in the literature on how oligodontia affects primary dentition. In this case report, a total of 17 primary teeth were missing. This case report investigates whether the features of non-syndromic oligodontia are present in the primary dentition in a two-year-old boy.

Robust, imperceptible and optimized watermarking of DICOM image using Schur decomposition, LWT-DCT-SVD and its authentication using SURF.

In this proposed work, a dual image watermarking algorithm is used to protect the data against copyright violations. In this work, the DICOM image is used as a host image. Two watermark images used are the MNNIT logo and the personal data of the patient. This method utilizes the advantages of Schur decomposition, lifting wavelet transform (LWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The scaling factor is a vital parameter of watermarking technique. The firefly optimization technique is used to get the optimized scaling factor. The Speeded-up robust features (SURF) are used for watermarking authentication. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), normalized correlation coefficient (NCC), and structural similarity index measurement (SSIM) are used. The proposed method is tested against various attacks such as Salt and Pepper noise, Gaussian noise, Gaussian low pass filter, Average filter, Median filter, Histogram equalization, Sharpening, Rotation and Region of interest filtering. The proposed algorithm shows a high level of robustness and imperceptibility. It is found that the features of the input host image and the watermarked image are matching correctly on applying the SURF technique.

Dental and Craniofacial Manifestation of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: A Case Report.

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is an autosomal dominant syndrome with a prevalence estimated at 1:50000 to 1:100000 in newborns. It is mainly characterized by ocular, craniofacial, and dental abnormalities. From the pediatric dentist's point of view, early diagnosis of the syndrome from the ocular, craniofacial, and dental manifestation can prevent further abnormalities and ocular complications such as glaucoma. This case report presents a brief description of ARS with the characteristics of craniofacial and dental findings.

Comparative evaluation of Demirjian's four teeth and alternate four teeth methods for the dental age estimation in children and adolescents of Varanasi region.

Background: Age estimation is an important approach in the field of forensics and medical sciences to assists in clinical practice, medico-legal cases, and in criminal cases of judicial punishment. Aim: This study aim the applicability and comparison of four-teeth method and the alternate four-teeth method of Demirjian's approach among the Varanasi population. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional prospective study on the population of Varanasi region children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and thirty-two panoramic images of children and adolescents (237 boys and 195 girls) aged 3-16 years, from the population of Varanasi region oriental was assessed using the four-teeth method and the alternate four-teeth method of Demirjian's approach, for the estimation of dental age. Statistical Analysis: Pearson's two tailed test was applied to establish the correlation between chronological age and estimated dental age and Paired t-test was applied to check the statistical significance between mean chronological age and mean estimated dental age. Results: The dental age of boys was overestimated by 0.39 ± 1.15 years (P < 0.001) and dental age was underestimated by - 0.34 ± 1.15 years (P < 0.001) among girls using the Demirjian's four teeth method. According to Demirjian's alternate four teeth method, the sample of boys overestimated the dental age by 0.76 ± 1.00 years (P < 0.001) with the statistically significant difference. While the sample of the girls had negligible overestimation of 0.04 ± 1.03 years (P = 0.580) with no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Demirjian's four teeth method is better to estimate dental age in boys, whereas Demirjian's alternate four teeth method in girls of Varanasi region.

Prevalence and pattern of caries in primary anterior teeth of preschool children: An observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Primary teeth are prone to caries. Consequences of caries may hamper eruption and function of the succedaneous teeth. The aim of the study is to find the prevalence and patterns of dental caries in maxillary and mandibular primary anterior teeth of preschool children. The study design adopted was an analytical observational study. METHODOLOGY: Caries examination was done using the WHO caries detection criteria. Anterior carious tooth surfaces were examined under optimal light source by a single qualified examiner to minimize visual error. The age of children was measured in years. Obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 16 software. A test for significance was done with the help of the Chi-square test. RESULTS: Right maxillary and mandibular canines had more caries prevalence and patterns as compared to their left counterpart of the same arch. Maxillary canines had more prevalence of caries as compared to mandibular canines. Mandibular lateral incisors had about eight times less chance to develop caries as compared to maxillary lateral incisors. Maxillary and mandibular right central incisors had equal caries prevalence and patterns of their counterparts of the same arch, but maxillary central incisors had four times more caries prevalence as compared to mandibular central incisors. CONCLUSIONS: Right maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth had more prevalence of caries as compared to their left counterparts. Maxillary anterior teeth had more prevalence of caries as compared to mandibular anterior teeth.

Prevalence and Pattern of Dental Caries and Their Asssociation with Age and Gender in Preschool Children: An Observational Study.

CONTEXT: Dental caries is the most common oral disease in preschool children. It is considered to be due to multifactorial etiology, affecting primary molars with various caries patterns. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine prevalence and patterns of dental caries in primary molars of preschool children. Prevalence and patterns of dental caries were correlated with age and gender. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study design adopted was analytical observational study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Caries examination was done using plain mouth mirror, probe, and tweezers with cotton pellets under standardized environment. Children's age was measured in years, and the age in years and months were merged with nearest round off number. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. Test for significance was done with the help of Chi-square test. RESULTS: In Maxilla, max. rt 2nd molars (p value = 0.036), max rt 1st molars (p value = 0.035), max lt 1st primary molars (0.095), and max lt 2nd primary molars (p value = 0.005) showed significantly different caries patterns at different ages of preschool children, while no significant differences were observed in caries patterns in male and female gender. In mandible, man. lt 2nd primary molars (p value = 0.005), and man. rt 2nd primary molars (p value = 0.004) showed significantly different caries patterns in different ages of preschool children, while Mand. Lt 1st primary molars (p value = 0.389) and Mand. Rt 1st primary molars (p value = 0.272) showed nonsignificant differences in caries patterns with different ages of preschool children. A nonsignificant difference in caries patterns was noted in male and female gender. CONCLUSION: Mandibular primary molars were more vulnerable for caries development when compared to maxillary primary molars in preschool children. The number of caries patterns present in mandibular and maxillary primary molars, were as follows: Mn. Rt 1st PM > Mn. 1st Lt PM & max lt 1st PM > max lt 2nd PM and max rt 1st PM > Mn. Rt 2nd PM > Mn. Lt 2nd PM > max rt 2nd PM. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Srivastava VK. Prevalence and Pattern of Dental Caries and Their Asssociation with Age and Gender in Preschool Children: An Observational Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):442-450.

Severe periodontal disease manifested in chronic disseminated type of langerhans cell histiocytosis in a 3-year old child.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), previously known as histio-cytosis X, is a rare idiopathic disorder of reticulo-endothelial system with abnormal proliferation of bone marrow derived Langerhans cells along with a variable number of leukocytes, such as eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Three years old male child presented with multifocal osteolytic lesions and papulosquamous skin lesions. Clinical and radio-graphic features, such as severe alveolar bone loss, mobility of teeth, precocious eruption of teeth, foating appearance of teeth in orthopantomogram (OPG), osteolytic lesion in skull and cutaneous lesions were highly suggestive of LCH disease. Skin biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of LCH. Induction chemotherapy with oral prednisolone and intravenous vinblastine was started. Child responded well to chemotherapy. The clinical significance of the presented case is to diagnose the case of LCH on the basis of the manifestation of severe periodontal disease as this can be first or only manifestation of LCH. A dentist plays a major role in the multidisciplinary treatment of LCH through routine examination and periodic follow-up. How to cite this article: Bansal M, Srivastava VK, Bansal R, Gupta V, Bansal M, Patne S. Severe Periodontal Disease Manifested in Chronic Disseminated Type of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in a 3-Year Old Child. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2014;7(3):217-219.

Improvement in protein-coding region identification based on sliding window trigonometric fast transforms using singular value decomposition.

In this paper, the performance of various sliding window trigonometric fast transforms for identification of protein coding regions has been analysed at the nucleotide level. It is found that, Short-Time Discrete Fourier Transform (ST-DFT) gives better identification accuracy in comparison with Short-Time Discrete Cosine Transform (ST-DCT), Short-Time Discrete Sine Transform (ST-DST) and Short-Time Discrete Hartley Transform (ST-DHT). In the proposed method, identification accuracy of protein coding regions has been improved by applying Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) on the DNA spectrum obtained using sliding window trigonometric fast transforms. The results show that, in proposed method all trigonometric fast transforms gives almost similar results in terms of area under ROC curve for GENSCAN test set.

Identification of protein-coding regions using Modified Gabor-Wavelet Transform with Signal Boosting Technique.

Modified Gabor-Wavelet Transform (MGWT) has been previously used for identification of protein coding regions. This method does not significantly suppress the non-coding regions which may result incorrect identification. To enhance the discrimination between the coding and non-coding regions of the DNA sequence, Signal Boosting Technique (SBT) is applied on the projection coefficients which are obtained by applying MGWT. The performance of the proposed Modified Gabor-Wavelet Transform with Signal Boosting Technique (MGWT-SBT) is compared with other existing methods such as MGWT, Short-Time Discrete Fourier Transform (ST-DFT), anti-notch filter and multi-stage filter. Results show that the proposed method gives better identification accuracy as compared to other methods.

To Evaluate Cytotoxicity of Resin-based Restorative Materials on Human Lymphocytes by Trypan Blue Exclusion Test: An in vitro Study.

The cytotoxicity of a resin-based material can be evaluated on isolated human lymphocyte. Since resin-based dental materials have been used with increasing frequency in anterior and posterior teeth restorations, the uncured resin monomers are leached out from the restorations and diffuses into the dentine and ultimately hampers the odontoblastic layers of pulp as well as gingiva. It is also reaches into the saliva and circulatory blood. The study evaluates and compares the relative cytotoxicity of resin-based dental materials at different time interval, i.e. 24, 48, and 72 hours on human lymphocyte by Trypan blue exclusion method. All resins were found to be cytotoxic to human lymphocyte. Resin samples cytotoxicity was the highest in first 24 hours followed by 48 and 72 hours.

Mapping autonomously replicating sequence elements in a 73-kb region of chromosome II of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements are the genetic determinants of replication origin function in yeasts. They can be easily identified as the plasmids containing them transform yeast cells at a high frequency. As the first step towards identifying all potential replication origins in a 73-kb region of the long arm of fission yeast chromosome II, we have mapped five new ARS elements using systematic subcloning and transformation assay. 2D analysis of one of the ARS plasmids that showed highest transformation frequency localized the replication origin activity within the cloned genomic DNA. All the new ARS elements are localized in two clusters in centromere proximal 40 kb of the region. The presence of at least six ARS elements, including the previously reported ars727, is suggestive of a higher origin density in this region than that predicted earlier using a computer based search.